An Introduction to Photosynthesis

An Introduction to Photosynthesis Assignment 1 Photosynthesis 1. Photosynthesis-Every plant goes through different type of plant processes, which mainly effects growth and development of a plant. The photosynthesis process is very essential part of a plant. It happened in the green plants containing chlorophyll. It also uses water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to make food in the plant. 6CO2+6H2O-à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Light-à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  C6H12O6+6O2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Release Energy How the photosynthesis is related to other internal process (respiration, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) All the plant processes are interrelated to each other.   The food which is made by the photosynthesis process, respiration takes energy from it. It breakdown the food which is through photosynthesis process. Defective Photosynthesis Symptoms In this process sunlight is very important. If the defective problem on plant photosynthesis, the colour of the leaves will change. Plant also become pale. Plant growth stop and looks dull. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by these factors: Light intensity More light high rate of photosynthesis water supply Good water supply also help for the growthCarbon dioxide availability it is also very important in this process. The rate of photosynthesis affected by the oxygen and carbon dioxide.Temperature suitable temperature is also required for photosynthesis. Heat- Heat has also an affect on the rate of the photosynthesis. 2. Respiration- After photosynthesis, the second process occurred is respiration. In this process it takes energy from the food, which is produced by photosynthesis. This process doesnt require any sunlight because it can happen anytime. In the simple words respiration means breakdown of food, this is produced by photosynthesis. Defective Respiration Symptoms- if defective problem on plant respiration, In poor respiration, we can see affect on the new growth. New growth will be look dull. Apart from this less vegetative growth occur. How the Respiration is related to other internal process (, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) This process is also related to the photosynthesis. Because in this process the breakdown of food which is produced by photosynthesis occurs. So it also plays a key role in the other internal plant processes, which helps the plants for a better growth. Factors- Temperature At low temperature the rate of respiration is very low. At the same time high temperature does not have any significant effect on the rate of respiration.   Starvation The plants have low starch have low rate of respiration. So this is also main factor for respiration. Respiration decreases with decreased available oxygen. Under circumstances where no oxygen is present, like in poorly draining soil, anaerobic respiration occurs. The rate of respiration for most plants peaks around the normal oxygen level in the atmosphere 3. Translocation- The next plant growth process is known as translocation. In this process more water is pulled up from the root of the plants via xylem. This process is very essential for the health of the plant. How the Translocation is related to other internal process (respiration, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) Translocation is important process because in this process water pulled up through the roots to xylem. It also helps in the nutrient uptake. So this process is also related to the photosynthesis as well as nutrient uptake Defective Translocation Symptoms- If translocation rate is low then we can see this affect on the growth of the plants. Low rate transpiration leads to plant in a stage where plant is not healthy and leaves are drops and plant affected by plant diseases. Factors Temperature- Temperature also plays a key role in the growth of plants. At high temperature the rate of translocation is low. So balance of temperature is very important to increase the rate of translocation Light- Light has play an important roles in the life of the plants and all other plant processes such as photosynthesis, respiration etc. 4.Nutrient uptake-: nutrient uptake means take the nutrient from the soil for the plant growth and development. Nutrient uptake occurs with the active transport. It needs the energy. Nutrient uptake absorbs the important nutrient like NPK. NPK is very important for plant growth and cell division. How the Nutrient uptake is related to other internal process (respiration, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) Water moves up the plants through the xylem and some micronutrients, which are in the water. With the help of this plant produce chlorophyll, which is produced by photosynthesis process as food Defective Nutrient uptake Symptoms- If the defective problem on plant Nutrient uptake, the colour of the leaves will change. If the nutrients are not available to the plants, fruit development of the plant is also affected. Factors- As for the first class of these factors, for example, we must consider the nutrition characteristics of the species and varieties to be grown. These special features include the morphological characteristics of plants, the ratios of their shoots and roots and also the characteristics of their root development. Other factors that we must not overlook are the specific nutrient requirements and nutrient dynamics. Different plants also differ in their temperature requirements, which naturally also affect their nutrition processes. 5. Photoperiodism: Basically it means physiological reactions of the organisms in the plants. This means the growth of the plant affected by the length of night. Short day plants needed short days and long nights for their better growth.   On the other hand, long day plants needed long days and short night for good growth. Sun flower is one of the examples for long day plants. There are day neutral plants are also one of the category of the plants. They can flower any time of the year tomatoes are example of the plants. Defective Photoperiodism Symptoms- If the defective problem on plant Photoperiodism, Plants will never produce the flowers. I other words, by defective photoperiodism plant will never go to its flowering stage How the Photoperiodism is related to other internal process (respiration, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) It plays a key role to promote flowering in the plants. Some plants require periodic exposure to introduce flowering. It helps the plants to provide environment, which is suitable for flowering. So it leads the plant towards fruit development. Factors-There are several types of factors which affect the process of the photoperiodism. Temperature is one of the factors which affect this process. Apart from this, moistures also play a key role in this process. Excess of moisture or lack of moisture can affect the process of photoperiodism. Soil structure also plays a key role in water uptake. So its directly effect on the growth of the plant. Apart from this, other biotic factors also affect this process. 6. Vernalization- This is a stage in the development of many plants, most notably bulbs, fruit trees, and nut trees. This stage involves exposure to cold temperatures for a set period of time, followed by a period of increased photosensitivity which allows the plant to start producing flowers. There are a number of reasons why vernalization is important to plants, and it is also useful to be aware of when forcing plants to bloom indoors or to bloom earlier than they usually do. Defective Vernalization Symptoms- If the defective problem on plant Vernalization, if the no vernalization occurs in the plants, plants will never produce flowers.withot flowers we cannot expect fruit formation in the plants. How the Vernalization is related to other internal process (respiration, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) Basically, vernalization is a process of flowering in the plants. So it has directly affect on the fruit development of the plants. Factors-The most important influence of temperature on flowering time is the vernalisation response. Many plant species, such as winter cereals, must go through a prolonged period of cold that winter conditions before flowering occurs 7. Dormancy Definition: A period in which a plant does not grow, awaiting necessary environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, nutrient availability. This is a time when plant go into sleep mode after its production season. Kiwifruit is one of the best example for this. After producing fruits in spring season it goes into dormancy stage in winter season. How the Dormancy is related to other internal process (respiration, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) Dormancy is a important stage of the plants. It helps in the all other plant processes fruit development, flowering etc. DefectiveDormancy Symptoms- If the defective problem on plant Dormancy, Plant will not produce new growth and not available for next year. Factor- Temperature- Temperature has a great affect on the dormancy. In the high temperature, some plants cant survive in its dormancy stage. So its important that the suitable temperature available for the plants. Climate- Climate is also a key factor for dormancy, too much rainfall or too much cold environment can affect the dormancy stag of the plants. 8. Senescence Basically it means lifecycle of the plants. In this process plant goes through all the stages of lifecycle such as seedling vegetative etc. All living organisms have a definite life span. A plant, be it annual or perennial has a vegetative growth phase after germination. The formation of flowers or development of reproductive structures marks the arrival of reproductive phase. The plant becomes mature by this time. Defective Senescence Symptoms- If the defective problem on plant Senescence, The plant will look dull . Factors- Environmental factors, primarily photoperiod (daily length of darkness) and temperature, play important parts in governing senescence and death in plants. In annual plants, death is the natural conclusion of development; thus, conditions accelerating development automatically advance senescence.. 9. Fruit development Fruit has its beginnings in the pollination process. This process is the transfer of pollen from the male to the female part of the flower. The male is referred to as the anther, while the female is called the stigma. This process not only occurs inside the same flower, but the pollen is also spread to neighbouring flowers by the wind, animals and a variety of insects. Grains in the pollen erect a tube on the flower that travels all the way down into the female part of the plant. The female part of the plant is at the base of the pistil, which houses the developing pollen tube. The pollen tube will react with a ovule in the female part of the plant to fertilize an egg. The egg and the ovary develop together, and a sheath or protective layer is formed around a seed. The ovary itself becomes the actual fruit produced by the plant. Depending on the number of eggs per ovule, multiple ovaries can become fruits. In some flowers, there is only one seed or one ovule, producing only one fruit at a time. Each fruit contains a protective layer, water, nutrients and a seed. Some fruits will have numerous seeds that can be planted and harvested. Defective Fruit development Symptoms- If the defective problem on plant Fruit development, the size of the fruit is not good, or drop, the fruit discoloration can occur. How the Fruit development is related to other internal process (respiration, water and nutrient uptake, fruit development etc) As we all know that all plant processes, interrelated with each other. Fruit development very much depends on the flowering process. Factors- Following are the factors, which affects in the fruit development process. Such as Low temperature, early season fruit, Chilling sensitivity, the potential for physiological disorders, increased moisture loss, relatively higher temperatures. Plant growth regulators Hormones are chemical substances produced in small amounts in one tissue and transported to another tissue where they have an effect. They are chemical messengers which regulate growth. There are five important hormones which are found in nearly all seed plants and these coordinate the growth of the plant as a whole. Many of the effects of the external environment on development are mediated by the distribution of these hormones within the plant. 5 different type of plant regulators Auxin The main function of auxin is to help plants grow. Auxin stimulates plant cells to elongate, and the apical meristem of a plant is one of the main places that auxin is produced. Auxin is manufactured in shoot tips, embryos, fruit and young leaves. Auxin promotes the elongation of shoot tissue cells. Auxin is the hormone involved in geotropic responses of shoot tips to gravity. Cytokinin The presence of cytokinin will stimulate the differentiation of vascular tissue (eg xylem). Cytokinin stimulates cell division. Buds which are inhibited by apical dominance may be released by cytokinin. Cytokinin delays the ageing process and senescence, in leaves. Gibberellin Gibberellin is an important hormone in stem elongation. Many dwarf plants are the result of diminished gibberellin in the stem. Gibberellin also promotes bolting (Bolting is when agricultural and horticultural crops prematurely produce a flowering stem (or stems) before the crop is harvested), rapid elongation of the stem Element 2 Early and late maturity in Potatoes Potatoes vary in size, shape, colour, texture and time to maturity. Maturation time is the most important variable, because potato tubers grow best when soil temperatures range between 60 and 70 degrees. Early Maturity: Early varieties that mature in less than 90 days are good fits for any garden. Creamy, round Irish Cobbler, purple-skinned Caribe, and prolific Red Norland fall into this group, along with King Harry, which is resistant to Colorado potato beetles. Midseason varieties mature in 100 days or so, and include Yukon Gold and Red LaSoda, which is often the top-producing potato in warm climates. Late Maturity: Late varieties need 110 days or more of growing time, but they typically produce a heavy set of tubers that keep well in storage. Butte is an all-purpose brown-skinned potato that performs well when grown in the Midwest; Katahdin and Kennebec rule in the Northeast. In order to achieve our desired predetermined result we should do different type of horticulture activities. We should control pest and diseases. Apart from this, we should control the weeds. For example: in order to get out of season production we should grow our crop in greenhouse. We should maintain hygiene. In order to achieve early maturity we should grow early maturity new varieties. We should modify the soil as well as use fertilizers to increase the growth and production of the crop. Good irrigation and good air movement also give a boost to the internal plant process. It helps in the plant growth and production or crops. 2.1Describe how you achieve Early maturity in any chosen crop Chosen crop- Tomatoes In order to achieve early maturity of the Tomatoes crop, we can use early variety of the plants. These plants belongs to special; category of the plants, which can mature early than normal growing plants. So we can achieve early maturity of the crop by growing early maturity variety plants of selected crop. How to achieve early maturity: If we want to achieve early maturity in tomatoes than we have to grow early maturity verities of the tomato plants. In this way we can achieve early maturity in our selected crop 2.2 What is late maturity and how you achieve this in any crop. Late maturity: Late maturity means that delaying the plant process to achieve late maturity of the plant. For doing this we have to control the internal processes such as photosynthesis, water uptake. In order to reduce photosynthesis we should grow our crop or plant in a shady environment. How to achieve late maturity- In order to achieve late maturity in the plants, we should promote more vegetative stage of the crop. It can be done through by the use of nitrate fertilizer, which helps the plant to increase vegetative stage. 2.3 Describe what out of season production and how you achieve in chosen crop Selected Crop- Tomatoes Out of season production means that grow our crop in a season when conditions are opposite to grow the crop. For example producing tomatoes whole year by growing them inside a glasshouse. In the glasshouse we can control the environment, less chance of pest and diseases.   It can possible through using new varieties of crop or plants. In the glasshouse more sunlight and suitable temperature available for the plant which help the plant to grow quickly and produce the products. 2.4 Describe how you can achieve production outside normal growing climate areas. In order to achieve production outside normal climate, we have done some practices to achieve our goal. We can take example of Tomatoes. Tomatoes are commonly grown in summer. So, in order to achieve production in cold climate we have to use certain techniques which are mentioned below- Glass house Production- In order to grow tomatoes in colder climate, best way of growing tomatoes is inside a glasshouse. Its provide suitable temperature for the plants. Apart from this, we can also grow early maturity variety of the plants. In order to grow tomatoes in open field in cold climate we should cover our young plants. And we have to select area for planting which is surrounded by shelter. 2.5 Define crop yield and how you achieve optimum yield of any crop Yield- Yield is refers to the amount that how much production achieve through manipulating the plant processes. For example produce crops or plant products in of season. For example 200 kg/per hector potatoes has been increased by achieving early maturity of the crop. How to achieve optimum yield- Trimming- pruning and trimming is very important because with the help of pruning we can encourage the plants for new growth. Irrigation- Proper irrigation is needed for good growth of the plants. So its very important for internal plant processes. Pest and disease control- we should control pest and diseases in the crop. In this way, we can achieve optimum production of our crop. 2.6 Describe storage characteristics of any crop Chosen crop- Potatoes The storage means that keep the potatoes for a long period of time in a control environment. To store the potatoes we should keep them in a cool store. We should also maintain a suitable temperature to avoid humid conditions. Apart from this, we should also have an eye on the moisture of the cool store. In this way, we can store the potatoes for desired time, without any diseases and pests. Question-3 Chosen Crop- Kiwifruit In order to achieve predetermined results in kiwifruit crop. We have to perform certain activities. These activities are different and also done in different seasons. After harvesting the crop kiwifruit goes into dormancy stage. So this is the time when we have to start our activities. Pruning- In the process of pruning we cut the old kiwifruit canes, which are used to produce fruit in previous season. In this process we use different type of tools such as loppers, secateurs etc. After cutting down the old kiwifruit canes new canes are put on the wires and tied them with plastic clips. Vegetative Stage (summer)- After the pruning kiwifruit started to develop new leaves and buds in summer season. This is the time when, kiwifruit go through variety of activities such as bud thinning, tipping, zero leaf cutting, male plants pruning, girdling etc. In this season kiwifruit plants are in their vegetative stage and flourish with leaves and new shoots. Summer pruning also done in this season. Basically this is the process of cutting down the fruitless shoots from the plants. Fruit development Pollination- When both male and female kiwifruit plants started to produce flowers. It leads to the next process which is known as pollination. It can be done by two methods. But most of the kiwifruit growers use bees to promote pollination in plants. Honey bees took the pollen from the male flowers and put on the female flowers. The other method of pollination is spraying the pollen directly into the female plant flowers. Fertilisation- After the process of pollination, the next process is fertilisation. Basically this is process of fruit formation. Pollen goes into the ovary with the help of pollen tube which help in the fruit formation. Harvesting- When the fruit is completely developed and fulfil all the requirements of quality check, which is conducted by the pack house. After that fruit is ready for harvesting. In the process of harvesting the workers pick the fruits and loaded into the plastic or wooden bins. After that these bins are loaded into the truck and these trucks go into the pack house for packing. Storage and packing: Harvested kiwifruits store in cool store house. These cool stores are under the supervision of the pack house. The cool store staffs maintain a suitable temperature and environment for the plants. The packing of the fruits also happen in the pack house after packaging of the fruits in trays the kiwifruit is ready for export to the other countries by the companies. Question 4 Briefly explain the factors which influence the following plant processes Early maturity- In simple words the meaning of the early maturity means achieve early growth of the plants by using an early maturity variety of the crop. Following are the factors which influence early maturity. Factors- Light- Light is important for every plant. If the less light is available for the plant. The growth of the plant will stop. Because light is very important for the photosynthesis, which is a food making process of the plants. Temperature- High temperatures cause increased respiration sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis. This means that the products of photosynthesis are being used more rapidly than they are being produced. For growth to occur photosynthesis must be greater than respiration. Variety selection- The selection of variety is very important part for early maturity. So its important to select a good early maturity variety of our selected crop. Seed sowing- Seed sowing is also a factor which influence early maturity. So its important sows the seeds in a correct depth. Because deep seed sowing can delay the germination of the seeds Fertilizer- fertilizer is also an important factor. By using too much fertilizer it can lead the plants towards long vegetative stage. So while growing early maturity we have to use suitable fertilizers and avoid those fertilizers which delay early maturity. Late maturity- Late maturity means that encourage our plants for a long vegetative stage it can be done by fertilizers, pruning etc. Flowing are the factors. Factors- Climate- Climate has also a affect on the plants too much cold or too much warm climates can also affect on the growth of the plants. Fertilizer- Nitrogen fertilizers are commonly used to prolong the vegetative stage of the plants. So its important to put nitrogen fertilizer to get late maturity in our crop or plants. Pruning or trimming Pruning and trimming of the growing shoots also allows the plants to produce new leaves. So its also a key factor to get late maturity in the crops. Planting season- Planting season is also a key factor to achieve late maturity of the plants. So its important to plant the seeds in a suitable season Light- Too much light or less light can also affect the late maturity of the plants. Because light plays a important role in photosynthesis. Out of season production- Out of season production means produce the products in environment which is against the normal growing conditions. Following are the factors which influence Out of season production. Factors- Humidity- Humidity is important factor in out of season production of a crop. Too much humidity can affect the plant growth. Temperature- its important to maintain suitable temperature for the plants inside the glasshouse or plastic house because too much temperature can damage the plants. Greenhouse or plastic house growing- its important to grow out of season crops in a plastic house or greenhouse. Pest and disease control- We should control the weeds and pests. Production outside normal growing climate areas-  Ã‚   Production outside normal conditions means growing crops in conditions which are adverse to normal growing conditions. Factors- Water- Good and control water supply should be available for the plants in order to produce production in outside normal climate. Light- Light is also a key factor. So before growing the crop we should know that suitable light is available for the plants or not. Irrigation- Good irrigation system is also necessary for production outside normal growing season. Yield- Yield simple meaning is that production. It refers to the overall production of a crop from a piece of land. Following are the factors. Factors Temperature -High temperature have affect on the plants. It can reduce the quality of the fruits. Light- If the too much sunlight available to the fruits, it can cause burning spots to the fruit. Pest and disease Pest and disease control is also very important, good pest and disease control can result as a high production or yield. Irrigation Good irrigation system has also a important role in the production. Good water management also increase the production of the crop. Storage Characteristics- Storage characteristics means that suitable environmental conditions to store vegetables and fruits. Following are the factors. Factors Moisture- Its important to maintain suitable moisture in control suitable moisture in control environment because too much moisture can poor the quality of the stored fruits. Temperature- Temperature is also factor of a cool store. So its important to maintain a suitable temperature for stored products. 4.2 How would you use planning to determine which influence will be altered and by what amount to be manipulated that plant growth to meet predetermined results. Cultivation- Cultivation is very important before growing a plant or crop. Because in this process we break the upper layer of the soil. Its beneficial for the crop because with help of cultivation we can have good drainage, good water holding capacity and good soil aeration. Seed sowing After cultivation the next process is seed sowing. We should know about the good depth for sowing the seed. Because if we sow the seeds too deeply it can result delay of the seedling stage. Irrigation- After sowing the seeds good water management or good irrigation is very important. Too much water or less water can also have a effect on the growth of the plant. Excess of water can cause result poor soil structure. Pruning training- In vegetative stage pruning and trimming of the plants is very important because it helps to promote new growth and also help to remove dead parts or infected by any pest or disease. Weeding Removal of the weeds also a important part. Because weeds can grow faster than our crop and also increase the insect activities. Pest and disease control- pest and disease control is also needed because they can damage or kill the crop. So we need to use suitable insecticides or herbicides. Harvesting- Last and final stage of the crop is harvesting. For harvesting a crop we can use machines as well as labour also. The time of harvesting is vary according to the crop. Question-5 Name of the plant-Potatoes Prepare seeds- The seed potato needs to be prepared before planting. This takes 4 6 weeks. Lay the potatoes out in a single layer in a warm, sunny sheltered spot. The potatoes will turn green and sprouts will appear from the eyes of the potatoes. These eyes will grow into shoots. When the shoots are 3 4cm long, the potatoes are ready to plant. Just prior to planting, remove all but 3 of the thickest and healthiest sprouts. Planting- Plant seed potatoes after frosts have passed in early spring through to early summer. Seed potatoes are planted in furrows about 150mm deep. Plant each seed potato at least 250mm apart from each other. Lay the sprouted seed potato so that the sprouts are pointing up in the furrow then cover with soil, taking care not

Full Summary of the Goal

Full Summary of The Goal Chapter 1 The Goal by Eliyahu M. Goldratt is about a man named Alex Rogo and his quest of knowledge to make his company once again profitable. The first chapter begins with Alex coming into work only to notice someone is parked in his spot. He then realizes that the only person who would do this is Bill Peach who is the division’s vice president. Once he is in the office he finds out that Peach is there to figure out the status of the order number 41427 which is seven weeks late.Then once Rogo and Peach start talking; Peach informs Rogo that his company is loosing money. Next Peach states that he only has three months to turn the company around. Rogo then goes back to the issue at hand number 41427. Chapter 2 Rogo then heads home that afternoon to get something to eat. He meets his wife in the living room. She wants to go out to get something to eat with him, but he tells her he can’t because his problems at the plant he has to get right back. T hey get into an argument and she cries then he consoles her and tells her he will be back later that night.Once he gets back to the machine that he learned was down before he left he talks to someone in the plant asking if they are going to make the order and the plant worker said â€Å"maybe. † At 11 pm the order leaves the dock to be shipped they sigh in relief. He leaves work to get a bite to eat with a plant worker to celebrate. Then Rogo remembers that his plant is loosing money and contemplates why. His efficiencies are good but he can not put his finger on what is causing the problem. Chapter 3 He wakes up the next morning and has to go to a meeting that Peach has called, but will not tell anyone what it is about.On his way to the elevator he begins to talk to Nathan Selwin a co-worker. Nathan begins to tell him quietly that the whole division is going to go down if Peach doesn’t do something about it. During the meeting Rogo decides he should start paying atten tion so he reaches for a pen, but instead he pulls out a cigar. He doesn’t smoke anymore so he wonders where it came from, and then he remembers! Chapter 4 It was two weeks ago at the airport he recognized his old friend who was a physicist, Jonah. They begin to talk and catch up with what each other are doing these days.Rogo tells Jonah that he is a plant manager for UniCo and Jonah seems to be more interested in that. They begin to talk about the robots that were recently installed in the plant. Rogo tells Jonah that the robots have increased plant productivity, but after Jonah asks a few questions Jonah disagrees. Jonah tells Rogo he is not running as efficient of a plant as he thinks he is. Jonah tells him to think about what the goal of his plant is before he leaves. Chapter 5 Rogo is still in the meeting thinking it is a waste of time and wonders why he is still there. Rogo bails on the meeting during the break to go back to the plant, but passes it up.He instead gets f ood and goes sit on a hill and thinks about what Jonah told him two weeks ago. After pondering a few different things he comes to the conclusion that making money is the goal of the company. Chapter 6 Rogo finally returns to the plant at 4:30 that evening. In his office he inquires Lou the plant’s controller about the goal of the plant. Lou agrees that it is to make money. They continue to talk about the measurements that are used to tell if a company is making money. He finally realizes how late it is at work and calls his wife and they get into an argument again.Rogo finishes talking to his night time manager then heads to the house. Chapter 7 He gets home to meet his daughter still up to show him her report card which was all A’s. He puts her to bed then begins to think about the business again. He knows he only has a little time to turn things around, but he needs to know so much more. This is when he decides he needs to talk to Jonah again. Chapter 8 Once he gets to work in the morning he finds out Peach is on the phone. Peach chews him out for walking out on the meeting then continues to keep him in meetings on the phone for the rest of the day.He decides to go to his mother’s house to look for his old contact book to try and track down Jonah. He finally gets a hold of Jonah after talking to many other people. Jonah then gives Rogo 3 measurements with specific definitions to calculate the goal. The conversation gets cut short again and he leaves Rogo to figure out how to define the measurements in terms of his plant. Chapter 9 The next morning he gets to work late and goes straight to Lou’s office to discuss about the new figures Jonah has given him. They then bring in the Inventory manager Stacy and Bob the supervisor in the plant to discuss more about the figures.They figure out a few things are wrong according to the goal and then Rogo decides to discuss what he has been talking to Jonah about. Chapter 10 Once he has cleare d the air about Jonah and explained to him everything that they have talked about they start again. They begin to compare the figures that Jonah gave him to their own company. He tells the workers about how he only has three months to get the plant to make money. They then decide to call Jonah again. Rogo and Jonah decide to meet in New York. Chapter 11 The next morning he meets up with Jonah in the hotel in New York.They begin to talk about the goal and the problems at the plant again. The next two figures that Jonah tells him about are statistical fluctuations and dependent events. He explains how these affect his plant the runs out of time again and has to leave. Chapter 12 He returns home from New York to find his wife at home who he has been calling like crazy with no answer. They once again get into a heated argument to once again resolve it. Rogo promises to spend the weekend with his wife, but has to return to the plant for the time being. Chapter 13 Saturday morning he wake s up to see his son dress in a Boy Scout uniform.He remembered that he had promised to go on an overnight hike with him. The troop leader was sick so Rogo had to lead the troops. During the hike he notices the line spreading and closing and relates that to statistical fluctuations and then states that the dependent events of each scout cause them. Chapter 14 The troops decide it is time to stop for lunch. During lunch Rogo makes a game up to experiment with statistical fluctuations. He has the boys play it and he keeps record. He uses this to simulate the assembly line in his plant. Chapter 15 They continue the hike Rogo still comparing it to the plant.He decides to then change the leader to Herbie who is the slowest kid in the group. He thinks this will cut down the fluctuations in the group. Then they finally get to the campsite and set up camp. Chapter 16 Rogo and his son get home about 4:30 Sunday evening only to find an empty house and a letter from his wife that she had left h im. He goes to pick up his daughter from his mothers house where his wife left her and then calls around to find where his wife is, but can not find her. Chapter 17 Rogo starts work on Monday morning to find out that Hilton has left a message.He needs his 100 parts by the evening, but Rogo doesn’t think he can do it. Then Rogo gets the crew together and starts talking about what he has learned during the Boy Scout trip. They are hesitant to believe him, but he ends up proving himself using the process of the Hilton order as an example. Chapter 18 The next day everyone is already in his office when he gets to work. They are ready to discuss the next step, but they do not know where to go from here. So they naturally decide to call Jonah. Jonah then tells them about bottlenecks and non-bottle necks.The conversation is quickly ended again then their only choice is to find these in their plant. They find out that their newest machine the NCX-10 is a bottle neck for the plant and also the furnace. Chapter 19 Rogo talks to Jonah yet again, but this time Jonah decides to come to Rogo’s plant. They tour the plant with Jonah and look at all the bottlenecks of the plant. Jonah gives suggestions on how to fix their bottlenecks to keep up with demand. He also shows them how they were calculating the cost per part of the bottlenecks wrong. Chapter 20 The group meets again in the morning.They have a discussion about what actions are going to be taken with the bottlenecks. They decide on a few things to start implementing in the plant. While these things are happening Rogo goes to talk to his wife which he found out is at her parent’s house. Chapter 21 Rogo gets home and decides to call his wife a make a date for Saturday and she is very happy to agree. He then returns to the plant and meets back up with the regular group. They then decide to implement a tagging system which will let the employees which parts have priority. Then Saturday he takes his wif e on a date. Chapter 22Rogo returns to work to find out that their plan is slowly improving their production. They are catching up on their late work orders. But, it’s not enough so he asks for more suggestions by the Wednesday meeting. On Wednesday Bob shows up to the plant with an old machine used to do what the NCX-10 does to take some of the load off. Chapter 23 Rogo is going on many dates with his wife these days and they are getting along a lot better. In the plant he finds out more about hold ups on the bottlenecks and solutions for them. They keep implementing these new solutions which improve the plants productivity.Chapter 24 The group decides to celebrate due to the new record they have set in orders delivered for the month. They go out and Stacey drives him home only to find his wife who thinks he is cheating on her, she takes off again. The next day at the plant Rogo is informed that new bottlenecks are forming throughout the plant. Rogo and his wife make up and he calls Jonah to get advise again only for him to say he needs another look. Chapter 25 Rogo picks up Jonah again from the airport for him to investigate yet another problem that the company is having with the bottlenecks.They suspect that there is another bottleneck forming in the plant, but Jonah thinks otherwise. Jonah explains how bottlenecks feed non-bottlenecks and vice versa and that is where their problem lies. Chapter 26 At home again Rogo is thinking about how to apply what he has learned from Jonah. His children asked if they can help and they do in fact more than they think. The group got together with Jonah and devised a new schedule that would predict when items would be finished and when some needed to be released. Then Rogo brings Jonah back to the airport. Chapter 27Rogo is in a meeting with Bill Peach and others from UniCo when they say that his division is the only one profiting now. He meets with Bill in the office one on one and they decide that if Rogo raises his bottom line 15% more than Bill will not shut him down next month. He decides to go to visit his wife and kids since he has not seen them in a while. They get in another argument about their marriage and then make up. Chapter 28 He gets home only to the phone ringing, its Jonah; he says that he will not be able to talk to Rogo for a few weeks so he needs to talk to him now.Jonah suggests cutting the batch sizes in half. They discuss this suggestion over a nice meal. Rogo then has a meeting with Johnny johns telling him how much faster he can produce products and he needs more contracts. Chapter 29 Rogo wakes up in the middle of the night after a nightmare all he can think about it the plant and how the figures make it look like cost is going up when actually they are doing the opposite. Lou comes in his office the next morning saying he can solve the cost problem to buy them a few months, but it’s not valid according to the accounting department so it would be a risk.Jons calls him back with an offer to do 1000 model 12’s in 2 weeks, but Rogo decides that it is impossible, but they could do 250 a week for 4 weeks and they get the account. Chapter 30 At the beginning of the new month they are having their meeting and Lou comes in with the figures and states that they have hit the 15% mark plus a little more. Rogo goes away for two days and comes back to find they are shooting a TV program about their robots. He slips up about the new batch sizes and the figures to Hilton and begins to get audited by the company. During the meeting a helicopter shows up its Mr.Burnside who had the big order he wanted to congratulate everyone in the plan for doing such a great job. After all this he decides to go visit his wife and they decide to get back together. Chapter 31 The meeting is held to determine whether or not Rogo’s plant was going to be shut down. In the meeting Hilton does not listen to what Rogo has to say and condemns his plant. Rogo out of a last hope goes to Peaches office and tries to convince him when Peach had already made up his mind that it was going to stay. Also, Rogo was going to get a promotion to Peaches position and Peach was moving up also.Chapter 32 Rogo and his wife sit down at dinner to celebrate his promotion. They talk about how he worked hard with Jonah’s help, but they couldn’t help but wonder why he couldn’t do it on his own; it all seemed like common sense. Chapter 33 Rogo goes back to his old plant in his new position. He first talks to Lou, then Bob, next Stacey, and last Ralph. One by one he is giving them promotions. Chapter 34 The group once again gets together. This time it is different though now they are talking about how they are going to take action toward the whole division instead of one plant. Chapter 35They continue to discuss the topic at hand this time comparing it to the scientist from history, Mendeleev. Then the goes home to talk to his wife who has been reading Socrates. Chapter 36 They meet once again trying to put what they did in the plant to rules they can follow. They develop a five step process of evaluating and fixing problems in the divisions. Chapter 37 They continue to make changes and developments to the rules that they have made getting them ready for action. Chapter 38 Rogo is asking Johnny for more sales for his plant to see if everything they implemented is working correctly.They now decide to expand their market to Europe at a cost lower than they are selling here. Chapter 39 Rogo gets a call from Peach to discuss his new actions and to discuss the fact that he knew Hilton’s plant was going to lose its bottom line. He also can not understand how Rogo’s system works so he has him come down to teach him. Chapter 40 They all go to head quarters to tackle the issue at hand. Rogo figures out he is on his own now. He can’t ask for Jonah’s help or else he would never be able to go through the t hinking process for himself.

Group Work and Free Riders: Mitigating the Situation

In most universities, if not all, group work aims to enhance the learning experience of students. This is primarily done through collaboration among the students in meeting specific objectives for group activities. While group work trains students in work-related skills, it also improves their personal inclinations to adjust to a group environment where individual tasks may be designated in order to meet the goals of the collective whole. However, group work can also serve potential problems to the group in terms of members who are mere ‘free riders’.These loafers may not be of any use or help to the entire group since they do not provide significant contributions. Instead of aiding the group in keeping with the tasks at hand, the free riders become burdens to the group, thereby giving weight to the tasks all the more. One way to mitigate this problem is to give less complicated and less tedious tasks to the ‘free riders’ in the group while keeping a closer eye on their performance. It can be said that collaboration among group members helps in easing the larger chunk of the tasks involved.A reasonable distribution of tasks among members is â€Å"an advantage to a group essentially because it divides the general tasks required necessary for achieving certain goals (Barley & Kunda, 2001, p. 78). † Although the distribution of tasks may vary depending on several factors which include but is not limited to individual capabilities, it nevertheless creates the sense where each member has a definitive role and share in the interest of the group. By doing so, every member is also given certain responsibilities to meet under a specified timeframe. More importantly, the distribution of tasks entails certain expectations from the members.In the end, the overall welfare and performance of the group will have to depend on the members themselves. Since both the welfare and the performance of the group rely on the individual members, free rid ers among the group can pose serious disadvantages not only to the entire group but also to those who are working appropriately with their designated tasks (Pelled, 1996, p. 616). For one, there may be a psychological effect on the attitude of the other members when the ‘free riders’ tend to give no consideration for their respective responsibilities.When there are members of your group who do not function according to the group’s expectation, it is most likely the case that the other members will have negative responses whether explicit or not. It can affect their individual inclination to perform their duties because they can be influenced with regard to their behavior in doing their responsibilities. In order to mitigate the problems posed by the free riders in the group, these group members should only be given less complicated and less tedious tasks.It should also be the case that the free riders should be given more attention or focus from the group members since the free riders are the ones who are most likely to give problems to the group in terms of the completion of tasks among others. Given a number of tasks involved in completing the group requirements, the division of tasks should be appropriated in such a way that the perceived ‘free riders’ are given the lighter responsibilities instead of the tedious ones (Phillips & Phillips, 1993, p.534). The roles to be given to these members should be the ones which, when removed or separated from the overall product of the group work, can only give minor disadvantages. These minor disadvantages can come in the form of the absence of peripheral parts of the group work. By doing so, even if the free riders in the group are not able to submit their expected contributions to the group the overall group project can nevertheless still stand on its own.Or it can also be the case that even without the minor contributions from the free riders the rest of the group can still be able to amend the situation by fulfilling the peripheral tasks left behind. Moreover, the free riders should be given more focus by the group members so as to at least make certain that their tasks are met and that no delays will hinder the progress of the group work. This can be done by constant meeting with the group members so that the tasks can be done while every member is present.When each member of the group is present, there will be more chances for the group members to keep a close attention on what everybody else is doing (Formanek & Sibley, 1991, p. 650). By doing so, the free riders will also be guided accordingly by the other members of the group in cases when the free riders are unable to efficiently perform their responsibilities. An early correction of the perceived problems can â€Å"greatly help in arriving at a thoroughly crafted products or goals at the end of the day (Parboteeah & Cullen, 2003, p.139). † However, one problem that can surface even in the light of the suggestions offered to mitigate the probable problems that may be encountered by the group with regard to the free riding members is the problem of the total absence or non-participation of these members. If the free riders in the group do not actually attend meetings or escape from participating in the group tasks, even the suggestions to mitigate the perceived problems may not be able to fully address the problems.Nevertheless, one thing that can be done to avoid the eventual downfall of the group as caused by the free riders is that the rest of the group can choose to take charge of the supposed responsibilities of the free riders as early as possible. After that, the rest of the members can then suggest to the teacher or the instructor in charge to relieve the supposed free riders from being members of the group due to the reason of complete lack of participation. In general, as long as there remains the possibility of controlling the problem, mitigating the situation is still the best option.In fact, the act of mitigating the situation in itself is already a task which requires a collective effort from at least the majority of the group. More importantly, mitigating the situation can win back the free riders as functioning members of the group, thus leading to fruitful results to the group as a whole and to each member of the body. References Barley, S. R. , & Kunda, G. (2001). Bringing Work Back In. Organization Science, 12(1), 78. Formanek, E. , & Sibley, D. (1991). The Group Determinant Determines the Group.Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 112(3), 650. Parboteeah, K. P. , & Cullen, J. B. (2003). Social Institutions and Work Centrality: Explorations beyond National Culture. Organization Science, 14(2), 139. Pelled, L. H. (1996). Demographic Diversity, Conflict, and Work Group Outcomes: An Intervening Process Theory. Organization Science, 7(6), 616. Phillips, L. D. , & Phillips, M. C. (1993). Faciliated Work Groups: Theory and Pra ctice. The Journal of the Operational Research Society 44(6), 534.

What Is Organizational Effectiveness Of Effective...

Introduction: The background statement of effective management within an organization involves looking into the certain areas of management so that the system of the organization improves. The main purpose for this is that it will help organization to earn more profit and employees will be willing to work. The plan for the essay involves looking into the four areas of management. The four areas that need to be looked by the management involves total quality management, ethical behavior and corporate social responsibility, environment and culture and customer relationship. During the planning stage of management, there is a tendency of the managers to involve strengths and the opportunities in the market. The aim of the manager needs to be clear so that the goals of the organization can be achieved. There are organizational effectiveness is far more than ability of the company to make sales. The focus will be on the effectiveness in the short-term areas and in the corporate culture talent manageme nt, innovation, engagement and communication. The effective management will help in motivating the worker and creates a direction for the organization to help communicate the vision externally and internally (Barros, Gal and Kindler 2012). All the phases of the modern organization are well managed by a good manager. In the society without the existence of the managers, it is quite impossible for the organizations to survive. The main resource for the developing countries is theShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) Concepts1429 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) concepts are strongly tied to management effectiveness as well as an organizations overall success. 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